03-13-2010, 04:55 PM
(03-13-2010, 04:52 PM)velvetfog Wrote: Real hard evidence?Not one of those websites. It has hard evedence but you have to click to view it.
Where is your evidence?
All I see above is a URL link to WTC7.net, which is a conspiracy theory web site.
That isn't evidence.
The Fires
The Twin Towers' Fires and Their Possible Effects
The South Tower's fires burned hot enough at produce visible flames and light smoke (photograph) until the jet fuel burned off less than ten minutes after the crash. Thereafter the fires dwindled and the smoke darkened. When it collapsd 56 minutes after the crash, the invisible fires were emitting only a thin veil of black smoke.
Much was made of the severity of the fires in the Twin Towers, since fires were invoked to explain failures they had never before caused. Some reports compared the heat produced by the fires to that of nuclear power plants. In fact the fires were not as severe as many other highrise fires, none of which caused the buildings to collapse. Furthermore, the fires became less severe over time, at least in the South Tower, whose smoke became thin and nearly black by the time its total destruction.
Fire-induced column failure collapse theories, such as Prof. Bazant's, assume scenarios in which fires consume entire floors and burn for extended periods at temperatures of over 800° C. There are several problems with such scenarios.
800°C is near the maximum flame temperature of hydrocarbons burning in air without pre-heating or pressurization of the air (estimates of which range from 900°C to 1250°C 1 ). Those temperatures are usually reached only with premixed (blue) flames, such as in gas stoves and blowtorches. Diffuse flames, such as in building fires, tend to be cooler. Although enclosures can elevate fire temperatures considerably by containing the fires' heat, tests that have recorded gas temperatures of over 800°C have involved ventilation and fuel supply characteristics arguably not present in the Twin Towers.
Widespread fires reaching 700°C would have caused extensive window breakage over time. Although there are breaches in the perimeter wall glazing of parts of the Towers that appear to have ocurred after the plane crashes, such as in a fire zone on the 104th and 105th floor of the North Tower, descriptions of windows popping or falling on victims are not readily apparent in the eyewitness reports from that day. This contrasts with the prominence of reports of fire-induced window-popping in other highrise fires.
Widespread fires reaching 700°C and would have made the steel glow red-hot. Visual records of the events, while showing fire damage to the aluminum cladding covering the perimeter columns, do not appear to show glowing steel. 2
Fires would have to be very extensive to raise the temperatures of columns to near the fire temperatures, given the thermal sinks of the steel structures. Columns of the perimeter walls were thermally coupled to eachother by broad spandrel plates at each floor, and the core columns were part of a lattice of beams and columns which would have wicked heat from a hotspot in three dimensions. In order to soften columns, fires would have to exceed the capacity of the many tons of steel in and around the crash zones to draw away the heat -- a difficult feat in the 56 and 102 minutes that the fires burned.
Fires apparently did not involve entire floors of either Tower at any one time. The South Tower shows no evidence of fires on its northwest side at any time. The North Tower at times shows fires spanning most of a face, but the fires are not even emergant, in contrast to the One Meridian Plaza or First Interstate Bank fires.
Heating the external columns would be especially difficult because the columns were situated outside the interior volume, with only one of the four sides adjacent to the building's interior.
Heating of core columns would be especially difficult given the apparently poor ventilation of the core regions, being further from any air supply.
As fires consumed fuel supplies and became less severe, affected columns would have cooled and regained strength lost due to elevated temperatures.
Even if such hot and widespread fires existed, they would still be unlikely to cause failures of the columns in either of the Towers.
The incompatibility of the fire-triggered column-failure scenario with the observed characteristics of the fires created the need for the truss theory.
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How Intense and Extensive Were the Twin Towers' Fires?
The plane crashes resulted in significant fires in both Towers, at least for the first few minutes after the crashes. The fires in the North Tower were considerably more extensive than than those in the South Tower. As time progressed the fires in at least the South Tower appeared to diminish greatly in severity. This was probably due to most of the jet fuel being exhausted within a few minutes of the impacts. Since kerosene (jet fuel) has a low boiling point and a low flash point, most of it would have evaporated and caught fire quickly.
The Fires at Their Most Severe
How severe were the fires at their greatest extents?
Fires in the North Tower covered extensive regions, at least near the perimeter walls, of about three floors. Fires in the South Tower also extended over about three floors, but were more localized to one side of the building.
The fires were not hot enough to produce significant window breakage in either Tower. Window breakage is a common occurrence in large office fires, particularly when temperatures exceed 600° C.
The flames mostly remained within the buildings. Significant emergence of flames from the buildings, another common feature of large office fires, was only observed in a limited region of the North Tower.
The fires did not spread significantly beyond the impact region. With the exception of a region of fire about 10 floors above the crash zone in the North Tower, the fires remained around the impact zones.
The fires did not cause parts of the building to glow. At temperatures above 700° C, steel glows red hot, a feature that is visible in daylight.
The Fires' Progression Over Time
Most photographs of the South Tower show relatively dark smoke, and in much less quantity than from the North Tower. See photographs.
Given that the vast majority of the volatile jet fuel was consumed inside five minutes of each crash, the fires subsequently dwindled, limited to the fuels of conventional office fires. The fires in both Towers diminished steadily until the South Tower's collapse. Seconds before, the remaining pockets of fire were visible only to the firefighters and victims in the crash zone. A thin veil of black smoke enveloped the Tower's top. In the wake of the South Tower's fall new areas of fire appeared in the North Tower.
This summary is supported by simple observations of the extent and brightness of the flames and the color and quantity of smoke, using the available photographic and video evidence.
Visible flames diminished greatly over time. Significant emergence of flames from the building is only seen in a region of the North Tower 10 stories above the impact zone.
South Tower: Virtually no flames were visible at the time of its collapse.
North Tower: Flames were visible in several areas at the time of its collapse. A region of flames on the 105th floor is seen after the South Tower collapse.
The smoke darkened over time. While the fires in both Towers emitted light gray smoke during the first few minutes following the impacts, the color of the smoke became darker.
South Tower: Smoke from the fires was black by the time it collapsed. At that time it was only a small fraction of the volume of the smoke from the North Tower.
North Tower: Smoke from the fires had become much darker by the time the South Tower was struck, 17 minutes after the fires were ignited. The smoke was nearly black when the South Tower collapsed. Thereafter the smoke appears to have lightened and emerged from the building at an accelerated rate.
After the fall of the South Tower, the North Tower continued to produce prodigious quantities of smoke, and showed regions of active fires. See photographs.
Dark smoke implies the presence of soot, which is composed of uncombusted hydrocarbons. Soot is produced when a fire is oxygen-starved, or has just been extinguished. Soot also has a high thermal capacity and may act to rob a fire of heat by carrying it away.
Evidence of fires within the buildings' cores is scant. NIST found only two core column specimens in a condition allowing paint-analysis inferences about temperatures reached, and those temperatures were below 250°C. It can be assumed that most of the fires were near the perimeters of the Towers where broken windows around the crash zone allowed them a supply of air. The cores were an average distance of about 70 feet from the nearest walls, and had much less flammable material than the surrounding offices. The impact gash in the North Tower provided a line of sight to the core. Available photographs and videos show the gash as consistently dark, showing no signs of fire in the building's core.
Eyewitness Reports
Dozens of people were observed to jump from floors of the North Tower above the impact zone. They may have jumped to escape painful deaths from inhalation of toxic smoke, or to escape unbearable heat. Note, however, that temperatures unbearable to a human, such as 100° C, are insignificant to the survivability of structural materials.
At least 18 survivors evacuated from above the crash zone of the South Tower through a stairwell that passed through the crash zone, and many more would have were it not for confusion in the evacuation process. None of the survivors reported great heat around the crash zone. An audiotape of firefighter communications revealed that firefighters had reached the 78th floor sky lobby of the South Tower and were enacting a plan to evacuate people and put out the "two pockets of fire" they found, just before the Tower was destroyed.
